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The Dalmatian Campaign saw several battles fought between 30 April and 21 May 1809 by Auguste Marmont's First French Empire soldiers and Andreas von Stoichevich's Austrian Empire troops. The Austrians drove the French from their positions on the Zrmanja River at the end of April. But in mid-May, the French counterattack forced back the Austrians. The defenders offered stout resistance, but ultimately Marmont broke out of Dalmatia and joined Emperor Napoleon's army near Vienna with over 10,000 men. The campaign was fought during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars. Dalmatia is part of the modern-day nation of Croatia. At the beginning of the conflict, the Austrians thrust across the Zrmanja and forced the French back to the fortified cities. After the Austrian defeat and subsequent retreat from Italy of the army of Archduke John of Austria, Marmont launched his own offensive. The French beat the Austrians at Pribudić, capturing Stoichevich, and moved north. Two more actions were fought at Gračac on 17 May and Gospić on 21 May before Marmont reached Ljubljana (Laibach) in Carniola. Continuing north, the French general fought in the Battle of Graz on 25 and 26 June and in the decisive Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July. ==Background== On the outbreak of war in April 1809, the major forces in the Italian theater were the Franco-Italian army of the Viceroy of Italy, Eugène de Beauharnais and the Austrian army of ''General der Kavallerie'' Archduke John of Austria. In addition, General of Division Marmont commanded a French corps in occupation of Dalmatia.〔Petre, 299〕 At the end of the War of the Third Coalition on 26 December 1805, the Treaty of Pressburg awarded the former Austrian provinces of Istria and Dalmatia to the French puppet Kingdom of Italy.〔Herold, 174〕 Since that time, Marmont had administered the region. Because Marmont's troops had trained with the ''Grande Armée'' at the ''Camp de Boulogne'' (as the old II Corps) and missed the bloody battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon considered the unit his "finest corps".〔Arnold, 112〕 Marmont's so-called Army of Dalmatia consisted of two infantry divisions commanded by Generals of Division Joseph Hélie Désiré Perruquet de Montrichard and Bertrand Clausel. Montrichand's 1st Division consisted of the brigades of Colonel Jean Louis Soye and General of Brigade Jean Marie Auguste Aulnay de Launay, plus the 9th company of the 2nd Foot Artillery Regiment, with six 6-pound cannons. Soye's brigade included the 18th Light and 5th Line Infantry Regiments. De Launay's brigade was made up of the 79th and 81st Line Infantry Regiments. Clausel's 2nd Division comprised the brigades of Generals of Brigade Alexis Joseph Delzons and Gilbert Désiré Joseph Bachelu. The divisional artillery included the 3rd and 9th companies of the 8th Foot Artillery Regiment, with six 6-pound cannons and two 5-inch howitzers in each company for a total of 16 guns. Delzons led the 8th Light and 23rd Line Infantry Regiments and Bachelu directed the 11th Line Infantry Regiment. The 11th Line had three battalions, while the other regiments only had two battalions each. Average battalion strength was approximately 700.〔Bowden & Tarbox, 105〕 The Army of Dalmatia was provided with an especially powerful artillery contingent of 78 guns〔Bowden & Tarbox, 96〕 led by General of Brigade Louis Tirlet.〔Bowden & Tarbox, 151-152. The name is misspelled "Tiblet" both times.〕 The large corps artillery reserve included the 7th, 8th, 9th, 14th, and 15th companies of the 1st Italian Artillery Regiment, six 6-pound cannons each. The 10th company of the 7th Foot Artillery Regiment had six 12-pound cannons and the 2nd company of the 2nd Foot Artillery Regiment had six 12-pound cannons and two 5-inch howitzers. The 14th and 15th companies of the 2nd Foot Artillery Regiment each consisted of six 6-pound cannons. The 3rd squadron of the 24th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment completed the corps. Marmont's chief of staff was General of Brigade Jacques-Antoine-Adrien Delort.〔Bowden & Tarbox, 106〕 To oppose Marmont, Archduke John detached ''General-Major'' Stoichevich's brigade from its original place in ''Feldmarschallleutnant'' Vinzenz Knežević von Szent-Helena's 3rd Division of ''Feldmarschallleutnant'' Ignaz Gyulai's IX Armeekorps.〔Bowden & Tarbox, 108〕 On 15 May, Stoichevich commanded about 8,100 troops, including roughly 7,740 infantry, 120 infantry, and 240 artillerists.〔Bowden & Tarbox, 117〕 The Austrian regular infantry consisted of two battalions each of the ''Liccaner'' Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 1, two battalions of the ''Warasdiner Szent-George'' Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 6, one battalion of the 1st ''Deutsch Banat'' Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 12, and the 4th Garrison Battalion. Other troops included one squadron of the ''Hohenzollern'' Chevau-léger Regiment, four battalions of the ''Karlstadt'' Landwehr, a 3-pound Grenz brigade battery of eight cannons, and a 6-pound position battery of six guns.〔Bowden & Tarbox, 116〕 An alternate order of battle for the Austrians lists three battalions of the ''Liccaner'' Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 1, one battalion of the ''Ottocaner'' Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 2, one battalion of the ''Oguliner'' Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 3, one battalion of the ''Szluiner'' Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 4, two battalions of the ''1st Banal'' Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 10, one squadron of the ''Hohenzollern'' Chevau-léger Regiment, one squadron of the ''Serezaner'' cavalry, one position battery of six guns, and one brigade battery of 12 3-pound cannons.〔Smith, 296, 304〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dalmatian Campaign (1809)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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